17/12/2021

Elusive Garbo

 




Why Garbo?
 
She was not as popular as Chaplin and Pickford had been, and she was only in Hollywood for sixteen years (and twenty-four movies), yet the impact she had on the world was as great as theirs. Yes, her beauty was incomparable, but that wasn’t it. The mystery of her self-imposed seclusion was irresistible to the industry and to the world, but that was almost a distraction. Certainly it wasn’t her vehicles, so many of them clichéd or worse, or the opulent productions in which M-G-M swathed her (though in her first sound film, Anna Christie, the highest-grossing film of 1930, she’s a bedraggled whore on the dilapidated New York waterfront). Was she even an actress, or was she merely a glorious presence? (After Camille, with her universally acclaimed performance as “The Lady of the Camellias”—Bernhardt and Duse territory—that ceased to be an issue.)
 
M-G-M presented her first as a vamp, luring men on with her vampish ways, but she hated that.
 
Then she suffered, and redeemed herself through true love. Then she became an icon and an Event. But none of that goes to explain why more than any other star she invaded the subconscious of the audience: Wherever you look in the period between 1925 and 1941 Garbo is in people’s minds, hearts, and dreams. You realize it as you come upon countless references to her in novels and memoirs of the period—from For Whom the Bell Tolls to the letters of Marianne Moore. Other Hollywood stars venerated her, accepting that she was Above and Beyond, and were as eager to meet her or just get a glimpse of her as your ordinary fan. After a while she even lost her first name—no more Greta, just Garbo: Garbo Talks! Garbo Laughs!
 
Who else has had this effect? No other actor until Marilyn Monroe (whom she admired and with whom she would have liked to work), and perhaps Elvis—but he was for kids, and he lost his last name, not his first. Garbo wasn’t for kids; she liked them, but she had never really been one and she never had one. (She never had a husband either.) She loved her work, but she couldn’t bear the surround, and she never really understood what had happened to her. She was a phenomenon, a sphinx, a myth, but also a Swedish peasant girl, uneducated, naïve, and always on her guard. She withdrew from the world when she was thirty-six, but the world wouldn’t withdraw from her, even though she spent half a century or so hiding from it. She’s still hiding—no one will ever know what was taking place behind those amazing eyes. Only the camera knew.
 
 
 
1
Garbo before Stiller
 
 
 
Greta Lovisa Gustafsson was born on September 18, 1905. She and her slightly older sister, Alva, to whom she was very close, and their somewhat older brother, Sven, lived with their parents in an unprepossessing building in Södermalm, one of the poorest neighborhoods of Stockholm, where they occupied a cold-water flat variously described as one-room, two-room, three-room, and four-room, but since 32 Blekingegaten was torn down more than fifty years ago, we’ll never be sure. (John Bainbridge, whose pioneering biography of Garbo appeared in 1955, seems to have gone to the building and met the tenants, also named Gustafsson though not related. He reports four rooms, although apparently when Greta was born, Sven’s bed had to be moved into the kitchen. Bainbridge also tells us that these Gustafssons had only recently learned of the Garbo connection and “were not overwhelmed by the intelligence.”)
 
There were no indoor toilets at 32 Blekingegaten—when nature called, it was down four flights of stairs to the outdoor privies and then back up. (No elevators, needless to say.) So the Gustafssons were poor. But they were not impoverished: Karl Gustafsson, the father, was a hardworking though unskilled laborer who, even if he drank, was a responsible provider. He came from a long line of farmers in southern Sweden, but he and his wife-to-be, Anna Lovisa Karlsson, who came from a similar background, decided in their mid-twenties that their increasingly hardscrabble agrarian life, in a bleak economy, was just too punishing. One account puts it this way: In 1898 “they moved to Stockholm in April, they married in May, and Anna delivered their first child, Sven, ten weeks later in July.” Perhaps embarrassment over Anna’s premarital pregnancy had something to do with the move, but perhaps not—illegitimate birth was not severely stigmatized in Sweden, then or now.
 
32 Blekingegaten, where Greta spent her childhood
 
Another account suggests that they may have met in Stockholm as early as 1896 and had settled down there together before Anna’s pregnancy. In any case, well before Greta was born they—Karl and Anna, eight-year-old Sven, and toddler Alva—were already in the Södermalm apartment where Greta lived until she left Sweden and where her widowed mother went on living for many more years, refusing her movie-star daughter’s efforts to move her into more comfortable surroundings. Anna, a practical, sensible, undemonstrative woman, was also a stubborn one—not unlike her famous daughter. At the time Greta was born, the family finances were so low that Karl’s employer seems to have offered to adopt the new baby. Anna to Karl: “If God gives you a child, he also gives you bread.” And that was that.
 
When Greta was a little girl, Stockholm was a bustling city but hardly a vast metropolis—the population was under four hundred thousand, and many of its inhabitants, recently transplanted like the Gustafssons from the country, remained very much in touch with nature. The Gustafssons, for instance, raised vegetables and grew flowers in a garden plot just outside the city—a long trolley ride and mile-long walk away. The whole family loved being there on weekends, and everyone pitched in—Greta, we’re told, raised strawberries and, when the local kids hadn’t stolen them, sold them herself in the city streets. Every extra krona helped, especially when Karl’s earning power decreased severely in light of his unrelentingly worsening health.
 
It was Karl whom Greta adored. Tall, handsome, with a refinement remarked on as out of the ordinary in an ordinary workingman, he was fun-loving and highly musical—a singer. And also a reader. Tragically, he developed a grave kidney disease, and he died of it at the age of forty-eight, when Greta was fourteen. In the time leading up to his death, while Anna and the older children went out to work, it had been Greta’s job to look after her father—to tend to him at home, and to accompany him to charity hospitals and clinics for medical help and in hopes of a cure. She never forgot the humiliations they endured as poor people in search of live-or-die attention. Years later, she would tell her friend Lars Saxon how her family’s endless weeping after Karl’s death angered her. “To my mind a great tragedy should be borne silently. It seemed disgraceful to me to show it in front of all the neighbors by constant crying. My own sorrow was as deep as theirs, and for more than a year I cried myself to sleep every night. For a time after his death I was fighting an absurd urge to get up in the night and run to his grave to see that he had not been buried alive.”
 
 
Karl’s death not only devastated Greta but ended her education. Not that she minded that at all: She had disliked school, although she did passably well in her studies (we have her report cards), except in math—“I could never understand how anyone could be interested in trying to solve such ridiculous problems as how many liters of water could pass through a tap of such and such width in one hour and fifteen minutes … The only subject I really liked was history.” Most of all, she was to say, she had never felt like a child, and “I don’t think anyone ever regarded me as a child … Though I am the youngest of three, my brother and sister always looked on me as the oldest. In fact, I can hardly remember ever having felt young.” Moreover, she was always big for her age—at twelve she had already reached her full height of five feet, seven inches, and was taller than all her classmates; she sticks out in every group picture from her early years.
 
So she was eager, almost wild, to get out into the big world: Childhood things (like school) were both boring and a waste of time. And she always knew where she wanted to go. From the first, she was obsessed with the theater, with acting. When she was still a little girl she told her Uncle David, “I’m going to become a prima donna or a princess.” And her Aunt Maria “one day found her five-year-old niece deep in thought and asked what was on her mind. ‘I am thinking of being grown up and becoming a great actress.’”
 
Even as a really young child she was putting on little shows—organizing Alva and Sven and neighborhood kids into supporting her plans. She informed her classmate and friend Elisabet Malcolm that they were going to be actresses, even though Elisabet had no real interest in acting. Greta, Elisabet recalled, always took the lead roles and directed the other kids in the plays they put on. “You must come in like this and pretend you are very much surprised to see me and look like this,” she instructed Elisabet, and then, “This will never do … Now take that chair and sit down. You can be the audience and I’ll show you how one really acts.” What’s more, said Elisabet, “When we weren’t actually imitating actors and actresses we would dress up as boys, making good use of her brother Sven’s belongings. ‘I’m Gustafsson’s youngest boy, you know,’ Greta told a local shoemaker, ‘and this is a pal of mine.’” Sven would report that “we all had to dress up in old costumes and do as we were told. Usually she liked to play the part of a boy. Sometimes she would say terrible things. She would point to me and say, ‘You be the father,’ and then to my sister: ‘You be the mother.’ Then I would ask what part she was playing, and she would say, ‘I am your child who is drowned.’” She was always the leader, and things always had to be done exactly her way.
 
Her imagination was unflagging, even when she wasn’t “performing.” Elisabet tells us that on warm days the two girls would climb onto the roofs of the row of outside lavatories behind their apartment house and, ignoring the smells, pretend they were somewhere else: “We are on a sandy beach. Can’t you see the waves breaking on the shore? How clear the sky is! And do you hear how sweetly the orchestra at the casino is playing? Look at that girl in the funny green bathing suit! It’s fun to be here and look at the bathers, isn’t it?” The girls remained friends and in touch long after Greta went to America, but she ended the friendship abruptly—and typically—when in 1932 Elisabet “betrayed” her by offering these reminiscences to Motion Picture magazine.
 
She spent a lot of time at the local soup kitchens—she was a regular at the Salvation Army—not only filling up on food but entertaining the people standing in line, at the age of nine putting on skits to amuse them, and even stretching to a musical revue “in which Greta portrayed everything from the Goddess of Peace to a three-year-old in red rompers.” Not that she had been exposed as a child to the theater—the Gustafssons were far too poor to waste money on entertainment. But when Greta would earn a few pennies, she would spend them on the movies and on movie magazines. (Earn them or beg them: One neighbor reported that Greta “was a real cadger in those days. On paydays when the men came home from work she would stand in the street smiling at them with an outstretched hand.”) And she would acquire postcards of stage stars from the nearby newspaper kiosk in exchange for running errands for the proprietress—her favorite was the charming leading man of Swedish variety shows Carl Brisson, who went on to appear on the London stage as Count Danilo in The Merry Widow and as the star of Hitchcock’s The Manxman (1929).




 
Many kids, of course, have dreams of becoming actors, and many kids put on shows for their families and the neighbors. And then there have been those like Mary Pickford and the Gish sisters who were themselves performing at a very early age to keep their families afloat—Mary was trouping at the age of seven, Lillian at nine. But it’s hard to believe that apart from Greta, there was ever a girl of eight or nine who would walk some distance to theaters in the evening and stand at the stage door, alone, for hours, just to watch the actors and actresses come in and go out. It would get so late that her father or brother or Uncle David, a taxi driver, would go look for her and convey her home, these late hours no doubt contributing to her routine exhaustion at school. Meanwhile, though, she was beginning to be recognized by some of the actors and actresses, and the stage doorman of the Southside Theater took a shine to her and one night let her go backstage. “At last, I caught wonderful glimpses of the players at their entrances, and first smelled that most wonderful of all odors to a devotee of the theater—that backstage smell, compounded of grease-paint powder and musty scenery. No odor in the world will ever mean as much to me—none!” Slowly she became a known quantity—and, given her charm, a welcome one—at these theaters.
 
She was consumed by her determination to become not only an actress but a great star. But how to get there? She was dirt poor, essentially uneducated, and had no connections. Yet it happened. Nothing could or would stop her, although along with her determination she suffered from an almost crippling shyness, especially with strangers. Indeed, her strongest impulse, she would say, was to be alone with her thoughts and dreams. “I was always sad as a child, for as long as I can think back. I hated crowds of people, and used to sit in a corner by myself, just thinking. I did not want to play very much. I did some skating and played with snowballs, but most of all I wanted to be alone with myself.” And she would spend much of her long life being exactly that.
 
As a result of this emotional independence, she could take her friends or leave them. And if she took them, it had to be on her terms. A girl named Eva Blomgren was one of her closest friends, and they corresponded when Eva went away to the country one summer—this was soon after Karl had died and Greta had just been confirmed (the Gustafssons, like everyone else, were Lutherans). “One thing I have to say,” wrote Greta. “If you and I are to remain friends, you must keep away from my girl friends, as I did from yours. I’m sure you wouldn’t like it if you met me with your most intimate friends and I completely ignored you. I did not mind your going out with Alva, but I realized that you intended to do the same with all my acquaintances. Eva, I am arrogant and impatient by nature, and I don’t like girls who do what you have done … If this letter offends you, then you don’t need to write to me again, but if it doesn’t and you will promise to behave as a friend, then I shall be glad to hear from you again soon.” And her next letter to Eva begins, “Well, so you promise to mend your ways. Then all can be as before, provided I have no cause to complain again.” This need to control her relationships with others—family, friends, lovers—would manifest itself for the rest of her life, with the unique exception of her bond with the director who “discovered” her, Mauritz Stiller.
 
Yet despite all this prickliness, we’re constantly hearing what a nice and pleasant girl she was—how full of fun! And how funny! Mimi Pollack, her closest friend from their days at Sweden’s Royal Dramatic Theater Academy and for many years thereafter, said that “she was always gay and good-humored, always full of fun and ready for mischief.” She was also full of energy when she wasn’t lethargic and mopey. She swam, she sledded. “I was awful as a child!” she said. “We used to do all the tricks of ringing doorbells and running away … and I was the ringleader. I wasn’t at all like a girl. I used to play leapfrog, and have a bag of marbles of my own—a tomboy.”
 
Her first regular employment after her father died was as a “tvålflicka,” a face-latherer: Her job was to dab shaving soap onto the faces of the (male) customers. She was a big success at Arthur Ekengren’s barbershop, the largest in the neighborhood. Her pay was seven kronor a week (something like $1.50), and that money went straight to her mother, but she kept her tips for herself, often spending them on chocolate treats. (This and the following information about her life as a tvålflicka comes from Karen Swenson’s biography, the most thorough account we have in English of Garbo’s Swedish years.) According to Mrs. Ekengren, Greta was an immediate favorite at the shop: “Some clients would phone and make special appointments and then, if Greta was not there, find some excuse for postponing them.” Joking with the customers, she “filled the place with her laughter and vitality.”
 
“A good soap girl did more than simply put lather on the faces of students, sailors, and businessmen,” explains Swenson. “She gently rubbed the soap into the skin, massaging each man’s face and preparing him for the barber. It could be an enjoyable, even sensual experience for the patron and certainly put a teenage girl in the position of dealing with unwelcome advances.” Even so, one of her co-workers at Ekengren’s reported that Greta “always kept her dignity and never allowed men to get fresh with her.”
 
Spending her life lathering men, however, was not her ambition. Deciding to move on to a grander (and better-paying) job, she applied to one of Stockholm’s premier department stores, known as the PUB—it was owned by Paul U. Bergström. She was accepted, and on July 26, 1920, she began work at the store and was soon promoted to the millinery department. She was still fourteen but claimed to be fifteen and looked considerably older. Her emerging beauty cannot have hurt her chances. Writing to Eva, she said, “Can you imagine me as a shop girl? But don’t worry, I haven’t given up my ideas about the theater … I’m just as faithful to them as before.”
 
The supervisor of the women’s clothing department was a sympathetic lady named Magda Hellberg who remembered “employee #195” as “very conscientious, quiet,” and as one who “always took great care about her appearance.” When the store manager asked Miss Hellberg to suggest someone to model hats for the upcoming spring catalogue, she immediately replied, “Miss Gustafsson should be perfect for that. She always looks clean and well-groomed and has such a good face.” (This may be the last time anyone referred to Garbo’s face as merely “good.”) Greta grabbed at the opportunity. “Aunt Hellberg can arrange anything for me,” she exclaimed. “Oh, how happy I am!” Hellberg remarked that this was “probably the longest sentence I ever heard her say at one time.”






 
The shots of Greta modeling five different hats were a success, and she was asked to repeat the experience for the next catalogue. As a result, she began modeling clothes at PUB fashion shows, and then in other stores as well. When a Captain Ragnar Ring, known as Lasse, turned up—he was making short films and commercials to be shown in movie houses—the advertising manager pointed out “a girl here who has done very well modeling hats for us; perhaps we could use her.” Ring had already chosen a girl to model hats, but he hired Greta (for ten kronor a day) to play a small part. Then came another advertising film in which she played a girl who looked goofy in a deliberately outlandish costume that didn’t fit or suit her. They were thinking of dropping this comic scene from the picture (and eliminating Greta entirely) when they recalled how hard she had worked and how effective she was. And then the film’s producer arrived on the set and, when he saw Greta under the lights, grabbed hold of the doorpost. “She is so beautiful that it really pains my heart just to see her.”
 
Another man who noticed her on that set was a youngish, good- looking, rich contractor—an Olympic medalist for swimming and water polo; a well-known “man-about-Stockholm”—named Max Gumpel. He had come to the store because his nephew was playing Greta’s younger brother and “of course, I went to PUB to see the film being made,” as he wrote in an unpublished memoir.
 
She was lovely. I invited her home to dinner. She came and I remember that we had crown artichokes, which were new to her. After that we met quite often, and I willingly admit that I was very keen on her, so much so, indeed, that I gave her a tiny gold ring with a tiny diamond in it … and she flattered me by thinking that it gleamed like one of the British crown jewels. After a few years we parted, good friends as we had always been … Ten years went by; I had been married and was divorced. The star came to Sweden [this was in 1932]. One day I received a phone call at the office. A woman’s voice asked if I would dine with an old friend. She was mystifying, but eventually told me who she was. At that I became very cautious, for it could easily have been someone trying to make a fool of me. Anyway, I asked the voice to put on an evening frock and come and dine in my home. When she said she did not possess such a thing, I told her just to make herself as beautiful as she could. She came—and it was she. The only jewelry she had on was my little diamond ring.
 
Their friendship flourished, lasting until Gumpel’s death, in 1965. Along the way he did many things for her—loaned her his villa, escorted her around town, advised her on real-estate investments, even apparently worked with her during the war, passing on information about Nazi-leaning Swedish industrialists to the Allies. And she became friendly with his family. It’s almost certain that he was her first lover. She was only fifteen when they met—he was thirty—but she looked older and claimed to be older, and he probably had no idea of her real age. Besides, the age of consent in Sweden was fifteen then—and still is. Her close friend Vera Schmiterlöw confirmed that Max “was Greta’s first great love,” and even that later on there had been talk of an engagement, given the appearance of a diamond engagement ring. Nothing, of course, came of it. One thing is definite: Whenever Garbo was in Stockholm, she and Max played a great deal of tennis together.
 
As a girl she was definitely aware of the other sex—she was popular with the boys in her neighborhood and, as we have seen, knew how to charm the older men whom she was lathering as a tvålflicka. And, Eva Blomgren informs us, when she was walking home every night from PUB, she deliberately walked past the royal palace. “One of the princes might catch sight of me,” she explained.
 
Excerpt from GARBO  by Robert Gottlieb.
MacMillan, December 7, 2021.









Bette Davis was speaking for the world when she described how in 1930, the year she moved to Hollywood and before she had ever made a movie, she was filled with anxiety waiting to hear how Garbo, her idol, would sound in Anna Christie. And how relieved she was when she first heard the sound of Garbo’s voice on the day the movie was released, and the voice was so exactly right. “The voice that shook the world!” said Picture Play, and this was no hyperbole. Garbo was at the peak of her extraordinary fame, her hold on the imagination of the world’s audiences as powerful as ever.
 
Bette Davis—and M-G-M, and Hollywood, and Garbo—were not the only ones holding their breath. Naturally, the first reviews focused on the voice itself. What was it like? Did it fit the Garbo image? Richard Watts, Jr., in the Herald Tribune: “Her voice is revealed as a deep, husky, throaty contralto that possesses every bit of that fabulous poetic glamour that has made this distant Swedish lady the outstanding actress of the motion picture world.” Her accent? “Anna” has been raised by Swedish relatives on a Minnesota farm, so it’s no surprise that she has an accent. In fact, the Swedish accent is underplayed—Garbo had been working on it both in California and back in Sweden, and some reports say she had to exaggerate her normal Swedish intonations to find the right balance.
 
She herself reported in one of her rare interviews, “I do not know how my voice will record since I have made no tests, and do not intend making any until I have my part to play. I am not taking voice culture or staying up nights practicing Shakespeare. I will speak naturally and as I feel the lines should be spoken, just as I play any character now. If I cannot play a role naturally and without artificial devices, I cannot give a sincere performance.”
 
Even so, she was nervous. Her young Swedish friend Wilhelm Sörenson had indeed followed her to Hollywood. She had written to him, “They are making sound movies here now and nobody knows what is to happen to me. Perhaps I will not stay here much longer.” After he arrived, she had him run lines with her at home. Her first day filming in sound was to be October 14, 1929. She telephoned Sörenson the evening before and said, “This is it, Sören. Tomorrow’s the day when silent Greta gets a voice!” And then called him again—at 2:30 am—demanding, “Come over here immediately and drink coffee with me. Step on it!” They talked until after 6:00, and then while they were on their way to the studio it occurred to him that she was suffering from stage fright. Silence. “Then I heard a voice from underneath the rug beside me in the car. Instead of a deep, rich timbre, I heard the moving plaint of a little girl. ‘Oh, Sören, I feel like an unborn child just now.’”
 
When she joined him for lunch in her dressing room after the first scene had been shot, she said, “Well, it wasn’t really so bad, though I became a little scared when I heard my own voice.” She had said to the sound engineer, “My God! Is that my voice? Does that sound like me—honestly?” Everything went as well as could be expected, except that two weeks later, on October 29, there came news from New York of an event even more cataclysmic than the talkie revolution. It was Black Tuesday. Despite the catastrophe, filming went ahead and was completed on November 18.
 
A rough cut was rushed to a sneak preview in San Bernardino, and the audience, which had paid to see The Kiss, was thrilled to be seeing Anna Christie instead, and the preview was a sensational success—“It’s in the bag!” Louis B. Mayer declared—and Thalberg decided to release it just as it was, no retakes needed. Garbo, as usual, had refused to attend, nor did she attend the premiere in January, but the following day she went with Sörenson and Jacques Feyder to see it in a theater. While it was playing, she seemed positive about it, but afterwards she said to them, “Isn’t it terrible? Who ever saw Swedes act like that?”
 
Anna Christie is very far from terrible. And Garbo is extraordinary, as usual. When she slouches into the film, 16 minutes after it begins, she’s so low-keyed she’s a little hard to understand, but even so her first words are electrifying: “Gimme a whiskey—ginger ale on the side. And don’t be stingy, baby.” The bartender: “Shall I serve it in a pail?” Anna: “That suits me down to the ground.” What’s really startling is not the voice or the accent but the character. Garbo—the prima donna, the vamp, the spy, the flaunter of furs and jewels, the doomed driver of an Hispano-Suiza, the murderess, the mistress of Deco—as a bedraggled, world-weary, sickly prostitute from St. Paul swigging whiskey in a waterfront bar? The big challenge wasn’t vocal, it was artistic.




 
Eugene O’Neill’s Pulitzer Prize–winning play—filmed as a silent with the excellent Blanche Sweet in 1923—is awkward and strained, and Frances Marion’s script doesn’t solve the problems. The first scenes are dominated by that old vaudevillian and character actress Marie Dressler, co-star with Chaplin and Mabel Normand in the wonderful 1914 Tillie’s Punctured Romance, often identified as the first full-length film comedy ever made. (“Of all the scene-stealers I’ve ever watched,” wrote Hedda Hopper, “Marie Dressler was tops.”) Having mugged and carried on outrageously as a drunk old wharf rat—you either love her or can’t stand her, or both—she just disappears from Anna Christie except for one brief scene in the middle of the movie. Everyone back then loved her, including Garbo, and her career skyrocketed, but the focus on her, followed by her disappearance, distorts the movie. And then there’s that endlessly repeated and endlessly irritating O’Neill line “That old Devil sea!” And all that fog!
 
So what? Garbo underplays, does nothing to mitigate the cynical, angry wreck Anna has become, revealing her anguish at her past life, her abandonment of hope for something better, and then her gradual transformation by love (and sea air) through exquisite modulations of her eyes, her expression, and—yes—her voice. She can’t help being beautiful, but she doesn’t play being beautiful in her cheap skirt and sweater, her small, low-slung breasts clearly prominent. And at the crisis of the plot, her explosions of rage at life, at fate, at men are deeply felt and powerful. “Oh, how I hate them—every mother’s son of them!” and “Nobody owns me . . . I am my own boss.”
 
Yet when she and Matt, the sailor with whom she falls in love, spend the day on shore at Coney Island, she’s charming in a frilly feminine dress, laughing, adoring, so overjoyed when she realizes that he wants to marry her. (She’s even been knitting him a sweater—“Garbo Knits!”) This is the Garbo we’ve had only glimpses of before—in The Divine Woman, The Mysterious Lady, The Single Standard: the happy Garbo. Love transforms her—and here propels her into the 1930s and romantic comedy.
 
Can it last? Not until that old Devil sea has its way and forces her to reveal her horrible past to her father and lover—her abuse at the hands of her farm family, her time in a “house.” She can’t, in honor, marry Matt without his knowing the truth, and Matt, with all his Irish pride, can’t live with it. Until he can, because he loves her so deeply. But he can’t marry her until he exhorts her to swear on his dead mother’s rosary that despite what she’s done, he’s the only man she’s ever loved. She swears it—we believe her—and then it emerges that she’s Lutheran. So much for the rosary!
 
As Richard Corliss puts it in his indispensable book on Garbo’s films, this creaky business makes Abie’s Irish Rose look like Romeo and Juliet. (Matt, by the way, despite the awful stage Irishisms he’s stuck with, is vigorously and appealingly played by the young Charles Bickford, giving Garbo one of her few virile leading men.)
 
 
The crucial thing is that in her first talking film, Garbo successfully plays a real woman, however stagy much of the dialogue and action may be. Anna Christie is the announcement to the world that, like her or not, she’s an actress, not simply a spectacular look. And the public certainly did like her—the movie broke box-office records everywhere, made M-G-M over a million dollars in profit, and became the top-grossing film of 1930. Its success was helped immensely by the advertising campaign, perhaps the most famous ever launched in Hollywood. Thalberg didn’t like anything he was being shown—silent-era portraits weren’t going to sell a talking film about a prostitute.
 
Then Frank Whitbeck, a longtime publicity/exploitation executive at the studio, picked up an envelope, drew an immense blank billboard, and added two words: “Garbo Talks!” History was made. Some time later, Whitbeck walked into an M-G-M office where Garbo was in conference. “Miss Garbo,” someone said, “I think it is high time you met the man who first said “Garbo Talks!” Looking up at him, she said, “Aren’t you ashamed?”
 
Excerpted from GARBO by Robert Gottlieb. Published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021
 
“Garbo Talks!” On the 1930 Sound Film That Gave Greta a Voice. By Robert Gottlieb, LitHub, December 15, 2021.
 





Fame is so powerful that renouncing it can seem like the supreme power move. Celebrities who retreat from the public eye (Howard Hughes, J. D. Salinger, Prince) will always be legends, no matter what else they may be. Rumored comebacks tantalize. Paparazzi circle. The mystery deepens. In 1941, at the age of thirty-six, Greta Garbo, one of the biggest box-office draws in the world, stopped acting and, though she lived for half a century more, never made another film. For a star who, more than any other, “invaded the subconscious of the audience,” as Robert Gottlieb writes in his new biography, “Garbo” (Farrar, Straus & Giroux), this was an abdication, a privilege of monarchical proportions. But it was also a decision made by one particular, peculiar person who had never been temperamentally suited to celebrity in the first place. There was a reason, beyond the exertions of the Hollywood publicity machine, that a single line she uttered in one movie—“I want to be alone”—became so fused with her image. What can look like a strategy for keeping the public interested can also be a sincere and committed desire to keep it at bay.

 Few other performers have ascended as quickly to mononymic status as Garbo did—she started off the way most of us do, with a first and last name, but the first soon fell away, like a spent rocket booster, in the ballyhoo surrounding her. When she appeared in her first sound picture, “Anna Christie,” the ads proclaimed, “Garbo talks!”; for her first sound comedy, “Ninotchka,” it was “Garbo laughs!” Quite why she became such a phenomenon is a puzzle to which film critics and biographers keep returning. Garbo made only twenty-eight movies in her lifetime. (By comparison, Bette Davis made close to ninety, and Meryl Streep has made nearly seventy and still counting.) That slender output could be part of the mystique, compounded by her disappearing act. But Garbo had acquired an enigmatic mythos even before she ended her career—the Hollywood colony treated her like royalty. Nor has it seemed to matter that only a handful of her movies are much watched or admired today.

 What Garbo had to offer, above all, was her extraordinary face, at a time when the closeup, with its supercharged intimacy, its unprecedented boon to the emotional and erotic imagination, was still relatively new. Many of the shots credited as the first closeups were unlikely to have set hearts aflame, since they were often of objects—a shoe, a wrench. But filmmakers soon grasped the centripetal seductions of the human face in tight focus. The screenwriter and director Paul Schrader picks as a turning point the moment in a D. W. Griffith film from 1912, “Friends,” in which the camera comes in tight on Mary Pickford’s face, revealing her ambivalence about which of two suitors she should choose. “A real close-up of an actor is about going in for an emotional reason that you can’t get any other way,” Schrader writes. “When filmmakers realized that they could use a close-up to achieve this kind of emotional effect, cameras started coming in closer. And characters became more complex.”

 A face as beautiful as Garbo’s—the enormous eyes and deep-set lids, the way love or tenderness or some private, unspoken amusement unknit her brows in an instant, melting her austerity—was almost overwhelming when it filled the screen. She belonged, as Roland Barthes wrote, “to that moment in cinema when the apprehension of the human countenance plunged crowds into the greatest perturbation, where people literally lost themselves in the human image.” This is not to diminish her craft as an actress. But her acting was perhaps most effective in her silent films or in nonverbal scenes in talking pictures in which her face is the canvas for emotion. In the famous last shots of “Queen Christina” (1933), Garbo’s androgynous Swedish ruler stands at the prow of a ship bearing her away from her country; the body of her lover, killed in a duel over her, is laid out on the deck. Garbo stares into the distance, her face a kind of mask but no less eloquent for it. The film’s director, Rouben Mamoulian, had told her that she must “make her mind and heart a complete blank,” empty her face of expression, so that the audience could impose whatever emotions they wanted on it. The scene would then be one of those “marvelous spots,” he said, where “a film could turn every spectator into a creator.”

 She was skilled at inciting such projection. More than one contemporary in Hollywood noted that her magic truly showed up only on celluloid, like a ghostly luminescence undetectable until the film was developed. Clarence Brown, who directed Garbo in seven films, recalled shooting a scene with her, thinking it was fine, nothing special, then playing it back and seeing “something that it just didn’t have on the set.” On her face, he said, “You could see thought. If she had to look at one person with jealousy, and another with love, she didn’t have to change her expression. You could see it in her eyes as she looked from one to the other.” Garbo herself, with a kind of arch, adolescent indifference, never wanted to look at the rushes. According to Brown, she’d watch only when sound pictures were played in reverse: “That’s what Garbo enjoyed. She would sit there shaking with laughter, watching the film running backward and the sound going yakablom-yakablom. But as soon as we ran it forward, she wouldn’t watch it.”



 Much has been written about Garbo over the years, but Gottlieb, a former editor of this magazine, has produced a particularly charming, companionable, and clear-eyed guide to her life and work—he has no axe to grind, no urgent need to make a counterintuitive case for her lesser movies, and he’s generous with his predecessors. By the end of the biography, I felt I understood Garbo better as a person, without the aura of mystery around her having been entirely dispelled—and, at this point, who would want it to be?

 The actress who came to embody a kind of unattainable elegance, who would someday wear sumptuous period costumes with a grace so offhand that they might have been rumpled p.j.’s, grew up in a cramped apartment with no indoor plumbing, in one of Stockholm’s most impoverished neighborhoods. She was born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson on September 18, 1905, to parents from rural stock. Her mother was, in Gottlieb’s description, “practical, sensible, undemonstrative”; her father, an unskilled laborer, was handsome, musical, and fun, and Greta adored him. But he was stricken by kidney disease, and Greta, the youngest of three children, made the rounds of the charity hospitals with him. “She never forgot the humiliations they endured as poor people in search of live-or-die attention,” Gottlieb writes. She was fourteen when he died, and she dropped out of school, leaving her with a lasting embarrassment about her lack of formal education. She went to work to help support the family, first at a barbershop, where she applied shaving soap to men’s faces, then at a department store, where she sold and modelled hats. She said later that she was “always sad as a child for as long as I can think back. . . . I did some skating and played with snowballs, but most of all I wanted to be alone with myself.”

 Alongside her shyness and her penchant for solitude, Greta harbored a passionate desire to be an actress. As a kid, she’d roam the city by herself, looking for theatres where she could stand at the stage door and watch the performers come and go. The first time Garbo was in front of the camera was at age fifteen, in an advertising film for the department store that employed her. Sweden had a thriving film industry, and she soon quit her day job to appear in a couple of movies. At Stockholm’s Royal Dramatic Theatre, to which she was accepted at seventeen, the young actors were instructed in a system that “scientifically” analyzed the semiotics of movement and gesture. Remarkably, some of her lecture notes from that time survive—she jotted down that “the head bent forward equals a mild concession” or a “condescending attitude,” and that “the throwing back of the head” conveys “a violent feeling such as love.” Barry Paris, an earlier biographer whom Gottlieb cites approvingly, notes that “Garbo in silent films would employ that system of gestural meaning to a high degree.” She did so in her sound pictures as well. When she plays the Russian ballerina in “Grand Hotel” (1932), her body language is jittery, neurotic. Depressed, she lets her head droop as if it were simply too heavy to hold up; surprised by delight at the prospect of a romance with John Barrymore’s gentleman jewel thief, she tosses her head back at giddy angles. It might have been laughable, but instead it’s riveting.

 In the spring of 1923, the gifted film director Mauritz Stiller approached the Stockholm theatre looking for actresses to cast in his new movie, an epic based on a Swedish novel, “The Story of Gösta Berling.” Stiller came from a Jewish family in Finland; orphaned young, he had fled to Sweden to avoid being conscripted into the tsar’s Army. Garbo and he were never lovers—Stiller preferred men—but their relationship was perhaps the most important in both of their lives. With his commanding height, his taste for luxury (full-length fur coats, a canary-yellow sports car), and his domineering style with actors, he had more than a touch of the Svengali. But Stiller believed in Garbo at a time when, as one veteran actress put it, Greta was “this little nobody . . . an awkward, mediocre novice,” and he loved her. (He also seems to have been the one who suggested replacing “Gustafsson” with “Garbo.”)

 When Hollywood came calling—in the form of Louis B. Mayer scouting European talent for M-G-M—it wasn’t clear whether Stiller was the lure or Garbo; the director was certainly better known. In any case, Stiller made sure that they were a package deal (and, Gottlieb adds, later upped Garbo’s pay to four hundred dollars a week, an “unheard of” salary for an untested starlet). The two sailed for the United States in 1925, arriving in the pungent heat of midsummer New York. (Garbo’s favorite part of the visit seems to have been the roller coaster at Coney Island.) Then it was on to Hollywood by train.

 The studio moguls gave an unknown such as Garbo a very short runway. M-G-M signed up the Swedish girl for two pictures, “Torrent” and “The Temptress,” and, as the film historian Robert Dance writes in his smart new book, “The Savvy Sphinx: How Garbo Conquered Hollywood” (Mississippi), “if those first two films were unsuccessful financially M-G-M would not renew her contract for a second year.” As it happened, both were hits. Motion Picture was among the industry outlets declaring her début “a complete success.” (“She is not so much an actress as she is endowed with individuality and magnetism,” it said.) Garbo became a fan favorite, even though she was almost uniquely averse to the kind of goofy stunts and mildly salacious photo shoots that other stars put up with. When she got to be as famous as Lillian Gish, she told one interviewer early on, “I will no longer . . . shake hands with prize-fighters and egg-and-milk men so they will have pictures to put in the papers.” Instead, she worked with consummate portrait photographers who lit her gloriously. Eventually, her films were earning enough that she was able to negotiate an unusual contract, one that gave her the right to veto scripts, co-stars, and directors. And she shunned interviews so consistently that in the end her privacy became its own form of publicity.

 Despite such badassery, she never really adjusted to her new country or her new destiny, at least beyond the movie set. What looked like carefully cultivated hauteur was partly the product of awkwardness, disorientation, and grief. She hardly spoke English when she first arrived, and, within a year, she learned that her beloved sister, an aspiring actress herself, had died back home. Stiller did not make a smooth adjustment to Hollywood and, in a blow to them both, he was not chosen to direct Garbo’s first American picture. Garbo wrote to a friend in Sweden about how miserable she was: “This ugly, ugly America, all machine, it is excruciating.” The only thing that made her happy, she claimed, was sending money to her family. At a young age, Gottlieb writes, she found herself “trapped in a spotlight extreme even by Hollywood standards,” and with no psychological preparation for grappling with the kind of fame—movie stardom—that was new not just to her but to the world.





 Athletic and physically restless, she soon took up the long nighttime walks that became a refuge; with her hat pulled low over her head, as it customarily was, she would have been hard to recognize. Stiller, who probably felt that his young protégée no longer needed him, returned to Sweden, where he died in 1928, at the age of forty-five, reportedly clutching a photograph of her. “He never seems to have resented her dazzling ascent to fame,” Gottlieb writes, “only wanting her to be happy and fulfilled.” Back in Sweden to mourn him, Garbo went with his lawyer to the storehouse containing his possessions, where she walked around touching his belongings and murmuring about her memories. Gottlieb says that this episode must surely have been an inspiration for the scene in “Queen Christina” in which Garbo’s character moves around a room at an inn, touching all the inanimate reminders of the lover she will never spend another night with. On sets, she would sometimes talk softly to herself about what her mentor might have told her to do—one director she worked with referred to Stiller as “the green shadow.”

 Garbo appears to have been emotionally stunted in certain ways, damaged by the loss of her father, her sister, and Stiller, abashed by the limitations of her English and her education. Though she had a sense of humor, she emerges in Gottlieb’s portrait as prickly, stubborn, and stingy. The sudden onslaught of celebrity made her more so. She never married, had children, or apparently wanted to do either; she had brief romantic relationships, mostly with men (the actor John Gilbert, probably the conductor Leopold Stokowski), and likely with women, too (the leading candidate seems to have been the writer Mercedes De Acosta, the “ubiquitous lesbian rake,” in Gottlieb’s words, who had affairs with Marlene Dietrich and many others). Her longest-lasting relationships were with friends, especially, as Gottlieb makes clear, those who helped her logistically, advised her devotedly, and steadfastly refused to spill the tea about her. In these, she had pretty good, if not unerring, taste. Probably the closest and most enduring friendship was with Salka Viertel, the intellectually vibrant woman at the center of L.A.’s remarkable community of refugee writers, composers, and filmmakers from Germany.

 From the start of her Hollywood career in silent pictures, Garbo was often cast as a vamp—the kind of man-eater who shimmied and inveigled and home-wrecked her way through so many nineteen-twenties movies. (See the entire career of Theda Bara.) As Robert Dance notes, “Adultery and divorce were catnip to post World War I audiences.” The parts quickly bored her: “I cannot see any sense in dressing up and doing nothing but tempting men.” Off the job, she eschewed makeup and liked to dress in slacks, men’s oxford shoes, and grubby sweaters. Her closet was full of men’s tailored shirts and ties. She often referred to herself as a “fellow” and sometimes signed her letters “Harry” or “Harry Boy.” The movie role she seems to have liked best was the learned cross-dressing seventeenth-century monarch Christina; it allowed her to stride around in tunics, tight-fitting trousers, and tall boots, to kiss one of her ladies-in-waiting full on the lips, to declare that she intended to “die a bachelor!” (As plenty of gender-studies scholars will tell you, this is one queer movie.) She expressed a longing to play St. Francis of Assisi, complete with a beard, and Oscar Wilde’s vain hero Dorian Gray. In today’s terms, Garbo might have occupied a spot along the nonbinary spectrum. Gottlieb doesn’t press the point, but remarks, “How ironic if ‘the Most Beautiful Woman in the World’ really would rather have been a man.”

 Her third American film, “Flesh and the Devil” (1926)—the ultimate nineteen-twenties title—transformed her into an international star. It’s about a love triangle involving two best friends, played by the magnetic John Gilbert and the handsome Swedish actor Lars Hanson, with Garbo at its apex. It, too, is a pretty queer movie, though it seems less in control of its signifiers than, say, “Queen Christina.” As Gottlieb points out, the two male leads are forever clasping each other fervently, bringing their faces close together, as if about to kiss. (It heightens the vibe that, in silent-movie fashion, Hanson appears to be wearing lipstick some of the time, and Gilbert eyeliner.) “Flesh and the Devil” also features some of the most erotic scenes I’ve ever encountered on film. There’s one, in a nighttime garden, in which Garbo rolls a cigarette between her lips, then puts it between Gilbert’s, her eyes never leaving his, as he strikes a match and illuminates their gorgeous, besotted faces. There’s one where she lies back in sensual abandon on a couch, Gilbert’s head lolling against her lap, and he lifts her hand and drags her fingers across his mouth. And then there’s my favorite: she and Gilbert are at a Communion rail in church. By now, Gilbert’s character has killed her first husband in a duel, and she has married the other friend, but they’re still crazy about each other, natch. Gilbert sips from the chalice just before she does, and, when the priest hands it to her, she turns it around to drink greedily from the side her lover’s lips have just touched. Her expression is one of slow-burn ecstasy.




 Gilbert and Garbo fell in love while they were making the movie, but their story is a sad one, mainly because Gilbert is a sad figure. He is often offered up as an example of an actor who couldn’t make the transition to sound—his voice was said to have been too reedy or something. That turns out to have been an urban legend: his voice was fine. The trouble was that he was best at playing boyish men undone by love at a time when, as Gottlieb observes, Depression-era Hollywood was more into “gangsters, snappy dialogue, musicals.” Garbo and Gilbert lived out a “Star Is Born” trajectory. When they made “Flesh and the Devil,” he was a big-name actor at the height of his powers, and he helped Garbo by making sure the camera angles were right for her and each take of her was the best it could be. One story is that he planted a stand of trees on his property in the Hollywood Hills to remind her of the woods in Sweden, and he apparently proposed to her repeatedly. (She professed herself puzzled that she kept refusing a more permanent bond, but she did.) By the time she made “Queen Christina,” in 1933, she had top billing, and she insisted that Gilbert, who was then married to someone else, and professionally on the skids, play her romantic interest—rejecting the studio’s choice, a young Laurence Olivier. Gilbert later remembered that she was tactful and considerate with him on the set, though he was drinking heavily, throwing up blood, and nervous about his performance. “It is a rare moment in Garbo’s history,” Gottlieb writes, “when we can fully admire, even love her, as a human being, not only as an artist.” Gilbert died three years later, at the age of thirty-eight. Garbo was characteristically unsentimental. “Gott, I wonder what I ever saw in him,” she remarked while he was still alive. “Oh well, I guess he was pretty.”

 Why did Garbo stop acting? It wasn’t as though her star was truly on the wane. It had been years since she’d made her successful transition to talkies, with a dialogue-heavy adaptation of Eugene O’Neill’s “Anna Christie.” (From the moment she uttered her first lines, “Gimme a whiskey—ginger ale on the side—and don’t be stingy, baby,” her accent proved to be a sexy asset.) She’d been nominated for four Best Actress Oscars. In 1939, she’d made “Ninotchka,” the romantic comedy in which she played a Soviet apparatchik on a mission to Paris who falls in love with a playboy count and discovers, as the pitch for it went, “capitalism not so bad after all.” It was a huge hit—more than four hundred thousand people went to see it at Radio City Music Hall during a three-week run, Gottlieb says. Garbo is very funny, deadpanning her way through the first half of it in boxy jackets, rationally assessing Melvyn Douglas’s charms. (“Your general appearance is not distasteful.”) As one biographer, Robert Payne, wrote, the performance worked so brilliantly because it satirized “Garbo herself, or rather her legend: the cold Northerner immune to marriage, solemn and self-absorbed.”

 The next and last movie she made, “Two-Faced Woman,” a clumsy attempt to re-create comedy magic with Douglas, was a turkey, but she could surely have survived it. Instead, she considered projects that fell through, turned down others (offered the female lead in Hitchcock’s “The Paradine Case,” Gottlieb writes, she is supposed to have sent her agent a telegram saying “No mamas. No murderers”), and slowly drifted away from the business of moviemaking. She had never liked the limelight and, Gottlieb says, lacked the relentless drive that animated contemporaries such as Marlene Dietrich or Joan Crawford. She doesn’t seem to have been particularly vain about her beauty, but she was practical enough to know its precise value, and to anticipate the cost of its fading. And, though she seems to have enjoyed acting, she was never satisfied with the results. “Oh, if once, if only once I could see a preview and come home feeling satisfied,” she remarked after one film screening. Garbo was no Norma Desmond, viewing her old films over and over to admire her own image. Screening some of them years later, at MOMA, Barry Paris reported, she got a kick out of imitating herself: “R-r-rodney, when will this painful love of ours ever die?” She once told the actor David Niven that she’d quit because she had “made enough faces.” The analysis was typical of her—unreflective, cryptic, deprecatory.

 She was, Tennessee Williams thought, “the saddest of creatures—an artist who abandons her art.” Yet Garbo doesn’t seem to have seen herself that way. Perhaps attuned to the perils of growing old in Hollywood, she moved to New York, to an apartment on the East Side, spent long stretches of time in Europe with friends who were wealthy or witty or both, went to the theatre, collected a bit of art. She did not reinvent herself as a memoirist or a philanthropist (though her estate was valued at roughly fifty million dollars when she died, in 1990) or an ambassador of any sort of good will. People loved the mystery of it all; photographers were always chasing after her. But she wasn’t in hiding; she got out. One wag called her a “hermit about town.”

 Did Garbo have a rich inner life to sustain her for all those years? There isn’t much evidence of it. She was not a remarkable or notably confiding letter writer, journal keeper, or conversationalist; she does not seem to have had a surfeit of intellectual curiosity. In the movies, she had always been able to convey a sense of hidden depths, of memories and emotions lighting room after interior room, never quite surfacing to be articulated. Were those feelings complex, interesting? We were persuaded they must be. The relationship to fame that she enacted in the last decades of her life was something similar: it looked profound, perhaps even spiritual—a renunciation of celebrity’s blessings as well as its scourges. But who knows? Maybe she was just tired of making faces.

 

What Was So Special About Greta Garbo? By Margaret Talbot. The New Yorker, December 6, 2021.

 





Whether by disposition or by strategy, Greta Garbo was the most elusive of movie stars. In the 80 years since she gave her final performance, “I want to be alone” (a line she spoke in “Grand Hotel”)  has become the thing for which she is best remembered — more than her talent, probably more than her beauty and certainly more than her movies, of which even a lot of cinephiles would have trouble naming five. Her professional legacy is lean: Even the two famous slogans associated with her — “Garbo Talks!” for her first sound picture, “Anna Christie,” and “Garbo Laughs” for her most enduring (let’s just say best), Ernst Lubitsch’s “Ninotchka”  — herald deviations from the norm. This is not the Garbo you know, they say: the silent Garbo, the unsmiling Garbo, the enigmatic Garbo. Impenetrability is an odd quality for a performer to make her signature.
 
So it’s fitting that “Garbo,” Robert Gottlieb’s ardent and wise investigative portrait, sometimes reads less as a methodical account of a life than as a biography-mystery, a hunt for a quarry that the author, a veteran editor/writer/obsesser/pursuer who ran (at different times) Knopf and The New Yorker, understands is likely to remain just out of reach.
 
As he makes clear in his generous citations of the writers who preceded him into this cavern, hers is not an unexamined life. “I am inclined to think that there is altogether too much discussion of Garbo these days,” a critic for The New Yorker wrote. That was in 1932.
 
What, if anything, is left to discover? In the early going, not much. Gottlieb is painstaking in reconstructing her youth (as Greta Gustafsson) in Stockholm and her cultivation by a director who “had been looking for a beautiful girl whom he could completely mold.”  Upon her arrival in Hollywood in 1925, she did not work her way up; as soon as M-G-M found her, the studio decided she would be their next leading lady. “Greta Garbo — Perfection!” blared their publicity campaign. “She was,” Gottlieb writes, “bewildered, unsophisticated,” a young woman “suddenly transported to Oz.” And, as he reminds us right at the start, many of the movies she made were “clichéd or worse,” and their star was not a goddess, merely “a Swedish peasant girl, uneducated, naïve and always on her guard.”
 
What is absent from the early part of “Garbo” is her personality, and I don’t mean that as a criticism of Gottlieb, because “personality” seems to have been absent from Garbo herself. She was shy, a bit dour, could laugh with friends but then turn cold — in short, a cipher.
 
Gottlieb suggests that, given its first glimpse of her, “the world simply grasped that she was unique and to be treasured.” Stardom, even in Hollywood’s formative years, was rarely that free of machinery, but in Garbo’s case, one has to credit a certain kind of alchemy; what could seem withholding, blank, even dull in life felt deep, adult and mesmerizing when projected onto a screen. And once Garbo steps in front of the camera, Gottlieb’s book comes gloriously into its own, a tour through a career offered by a shrewd, deeply perceptive docent, brimming with knowledge and insight.
 
This seems an apt moment to mention that the author turned 90 this spring, not only because, come on, bravo, but also because the fact that he was born in 1931 proves an invaluable asset to his understanding of his subject. To Gottlieb, the 1930s studio movies in which Garbo made her mark aren’t relics of history to be discovered in film class or on TCM. They’re just the stuff he grew up on, made efficiently to be consumed quickly, and he brings to his assessments a fan’s appreciation, a connoisseur’s acuity and an amused impatience with the aspects of them that are and always were ridiculous.




 
Maybe it takes a nonagenarian to be this tartly un-gushy about Garbo’s “Grand Hotel” co-star Lionel Barrymore, “whose overacting is unbearable even by Lionel standards. (Lonely, dying old men don’t have to be hams.)” Or to contextualize a long-forgotten movie like “The Single Standard” thus: “Here she’s natural, happy (when not being noble), fun to watch — likable! You see once more what she might have been in talkies if she and M-G-M hadn’t conspired to keep her in lugubrious romances and high-flown ‘classics’ and historicals.” His writing about “Camille” — remembered, and often dismissed, for its over-the-top melodrama and death scene — is the first I’ve read that helped me understand the esteem in which generations of worshipers have held her performance. This is what we want film books to do — to send us to the work with sharper eyes and more open minds.
 
Any attempt at a life of Garbo faces inevitable second-act trouble. She abruptly departed from the screen in 1941 (“I had made enough faces,” she told David Niven), and … then what? Gottlieb details the mostly uneventful remaining half-century (!) of her life fitfully, which may be the only way to detail an existence seemingly shaped to avoid excitement. She moved into a nice Manhattan apartment on 52nd Street. She bought some Renoirs.  She had few close friends, and her relationships with them were fraught with various suspicions and betrayals.  She went to dinner parties and Gristedes and the florist and took long walks.  She appears not to have said a single interesting thing. And then she died, leaving an estate worth between $32 million and $55 million,  and stiffing everyone but her niece.  The rest is (even more) silence.
 
But not, thankfully, in this book. In the last 100 pages of “Garbo,” Gottlieb turns from writer to curator, offering old articles, excerpts from memoirs, biographies and novels, and the murmurs and memories of dozens of other voices, from scholars and critics to colleagues and co-stars. It’s as if he has turned over his clipping files to us and said, “See what you make of this” — fair enough, since we’re all trying to solve the same puzzle. We hear from fans like Katharine Hepburn, who said Garbo had “a real, real gift for movie acting. … Photographically she had something that nobody else had. That’s what made her. You don’t become that famous for no reason.” And from non-fans like Marlene Dietrich: “She is the kind of person who counts every cube of sugar to make sure the maid isn’t stealing, or eating too well.”
 
I searched these pages for an observation that might serve as the rug that ties the room together. John Gielgud’s verdict came closest: “Lovely childlike expression and great sweetness — she never stopped talking but absolutely to no purpose — said her life was empty, aimless, but the time passed so quickly there was never time to do anything one wanted to do! … I couldn’t make out whether her whole attitude was perhaps a terrific pose.”  Gottlieb is the first to admit that resolving that may be impossible, although his thoughtful contemplation of her should spur many to watch her movies and try. But don’t say he didn’t warn you: “She offered the world intense emotion and great aesthetic pleasure,” he writes, “but she didn’t offer herself.”
 
GARBO
By Robert Gottlieb
Illustrated. 448 pp. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. $40.
 
Greta Garbo: The Most Enigmatic Movie Star. By Mark Harris. The New York Times, December 3, 2021
 
 




“I don’t have to live in New York,” Greta Garbo once said. “I could live in hell.”
 
For a woman who had become synonymous with solitude, she might as well have. Garbo helped define what we think of as the Golden Age of Hollywood, first as a silent film star and then, triumphantly, as a major MGM star in the 1930s. Yet even at the height of her fame, her fanatical desire for privacy was as famous as she was herself. All of which conspired to make her 50 years of retirement spent walking the streets of New York City into a cat-and-mouse game with tourists and photographers alike. So ubiquitous a presence was she that even when they didn't intend to, photographers couldn't help snapping Garbo pics. One of Bill Cunningham's first photos in the New York Times was of Garbo in a nutria coat; when he took it, he was so focused on the coat that he hadn't recognized the woman wearing it.
 
By the time she was firmly ensconced in Manhattan in the mid 1950s, Garbo was wealthy enough to live anywhere. Yet despite family in Sweden and two decades in Los Angeles, she settled in New York City, becoming as famous a New Yorker as she was a movie star. Garbo sightings were reported breathlessly; even famous fans were awkward and frighteningly intent when they spotted her. (One day, a limousine screeched to a halt on Central Park West, and a wild-eyed young woman leaped out. Garbo escaped, while her companion held the woman back. The fan turned out to be international film star Liv Ullmann, then set to star in a Broadway revival of Anna Christie.) Choosing a life that involved so many people so close at hand seems incomprehensible for a woman like Garbo. But then, much of Garbo’s post-Hollywood life makes as much sense as her abrupt retirement at age 35.
 
To Garbo watchers and the world at large, Garbo’s post-Hollywood life remained as glamorous as that of an MGM star. She summered in Klosters, Switzerland, and traveled the world with bold-faced names such as Cécile Rothschild, Aristotle Onassis, and Deborah Kerr. She collected paintings by Renoir and the Expressionist Alexej von Jawlensky. She attended the theater with a variety of friends, until photographers drove her away. And while her closets were stuffed with hundreds of gowns, she boasted to decorator Billy Baldwin that she had never worn a single one. (Intriguingly, a proposed collaboration with Halston came to an abrupt end when her first visit to his salon was capped off by an encounter with paparazzi.)
 
Eighty years after her final film, Garbo’s mystique remains as impenetrable as ever. Everything about her is the subject of speculation. Bette Davis called her acting “witchcraft.” Her sexuality remains a mystery. And she never explained her sudden withdrawal from public life.
 
The latest attempt to impose sense upon this sui generis icon is Robert Gottlieb’s Garbo, a combination biography and cultural history that shares a name with Barry Paris’s 1994 biography. But both books are stymied by one intractable fact: The second half of Garbo’s life was uneventful.
 
In retrospect, those 50 years of Garbo’s quiet routines—what many of her friends called, with sighs, her “selfishness”—seem like an early call-to-arms for self-care. Between the time of her arrival at MGM in 1924 and her final movie in 1941, Garbo starred in 24 feature films. (Meryl Streep has made 74 over her entire career.) Then she never made a movie again, preferring a life of errands, trips abroad, long phone calls with confidantes, and an occasional lover. That kind of diligent, disciplined leisure deserves respect; but for a biographer, half a life spent ambling in antique stores on Third Avenue can be frustrating. For modern fans, it can be inspiring.




 
“I like to have time for doing nothing,” Garbo once said. She spent five decades proving how much she meant it. From her seven-room apartment at 450 East 52nd Street, Garbo designed the template for what her life would be until her death in 1990. Decorated in various shades of pink, purple, and dusty rose—her kitchen curtains were such a violent pink that one confidante claimed you could spot them from 15 blocks away on the FDR—the apartment became her refuge. There, her daily routine was simple to the point of monotony. She ate toast in front of the black-and-white TV in her bedroom (she claimed she couldn’t “stand the bother” of buying a color set); she went shopping for fruits and vegetables; she rested at home; she went out again for an afternoon walk. And she was always home by 5:30, after which she ate dinner on a tray in front of her bedroom TV.
 
While other stars crafted successful second acts or slipped into semi-obscurity and retirement, Garbo walked away and never stopped. Asked what she was planning to do one day, she replied, “I don’t know. I walk. That’s what I’m doing. I walk.”
 
She did not always walk alone, of course. Her affairs in Hollywood were well-known, whether publicly (a long liaison with John Gilbert) or among those in the know (a relationship with Mercedes de Acosta). But while her sexuality remains as unknowable as her reasons for leaving film, one relationship continues to baffle, one to which Gottlieb dedicates an entire chapter: an allegedly sexual affair with photographer and designer Cecil Beaton.
 
Beaton was the pursuer in the relationship; Garbo the willing but occasionally unyielding prize. Though Beaton boasted that he was the only man who ever physically satisfied Garbo (a claim backed up by Tennessee Williams, who hardly seems capable of knowing), their mutual confidante Sam Green told Beaton’s biographer Hugo Vickers that the photographer was “too star-struck to star-fuck.”




 
Whatever the two had together was irredeemably destroyed upon the publication of Beaton’s diaries in 1972, revealing to the world his version of their relationship. Garbo never acknowledged the public betrayal, though many of Beaton’s close friends were deeply offended on her behalf. They met only once more, at Green’s insistence. Beaton had suffered from a series of strokes, and Garbo and Green stayed at his home. Seeing a frail Beaton making his way to the dining room, Garbo said, “Well, I couldn’t have married him, could I? Him being like this!”
 
An attachment like marriage would have impeded Garbo’s independence. Instead, she lived exactly the life she designed, one that others still find too prosaic for such an enigmatic beauty. Everything was on her own terms, even friendships. Most friends didn’t even have her number; they simply waited for her to call them.
 
Even 30 years after her death, glamour and intrigue are forced upon her later years as thoroughly as they had been during her reign in Hollywood and subsequent retirement.
 
In typical Garbo fashion, the only direct comment she ever made on her withdrawal from films is as practical as the rest of her post-Hollywood life.
 
“I had made enough faces,” she said. And for the rest of her life, she offered up only one.
 
Inside Greta Garbo's Secret Life in New York City. By Mark Peikert. Town & Country, December 7, 2021. 



















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